%PDF-1.3 % 2 0 obj << /Length 910 >> stream 0.15 1 1 0 k 0.15 1 1 0 K 0 J 0 j 0.24 w 1000 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i -8.53 850.63 215.21 -42.56 re B* BT /TT1 1 Tf 16 0 0 16 33.91 816.4 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn -0.0087 Tc 0.0252 Tw [(Planet)21.3(ary exploration)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0.48 w 10 M 396.91 850.48 m 396.91 808 l S BT /TT3 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 399.55 809.08 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw (Spaceflight )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 458.35 809.08 Tm 0.0043 Tc -0.025 Tw (Vol 52 November 2010)Tj ET 0.15 1 1 0 k 0.15 1 1 0 K 0.24 w 1000 M 28.32 33.93 22.46 -42.26 re B* BT 8 0 0 8 33.91 23.2 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn 0.0133 Tc 0 Tw (420)Tj ET 0.03 0.275 0.5 0 k 0.03 0.275 0.5 0 K 0.48 w -8.36 850.21 1207.07 -858.42 re B* q 612.65 0 0 858.95 -8.5 -8.5 cm /Im1 Do Q BT /TT5 1 Tf 75 0 0 75 33.91 731.92 Tm 0.06 0.55 1 0 k -0.0237 Tc (Half-way)Tj 0 -1.0672 TD -0.0248 Tc 0.0067 Tw (to Pluto)Tj 12 0 0 12 33.91 615.16 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.007 Tw (by Philip Corneille FBIS)Tj ET endstream endobj 3 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] /Font << /TT1 4 0 R /TT3 5 0 R /TT5 6 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 7 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 8 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 9 0 R >> >> endobj 11 0 obj << /FunctionType 4 /Domain [0 1] /Range [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1] /Length 20 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream HN)-PZ. ( endstream endobj 9 0 obj [/Separation /All /DeviceCMYK 11 0 R] endobj 13 0 obj << /Length 5319 >> stream 0.15 1 1 0 k 0.15 1 1 0 K 0 J 0 j 0.24 w 1000 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 388.32 850.33 215.41 -42.26 re B* BT /TT1 1 Tf 16 0 0 16 396.69 816.4 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn -0.0087 Tc 0.0252 Tw [(Planet)13.8(ary exploration)]TJ ET 0.15 1 1 0 k 544.22 33.98 22.46 -42.26 re B* BT 8 0 0 8 549.6901 23.2 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn 0.0133 Tc 0 Tw (421)Tj ET 0.03 0.275 0.5 0 k 0.03 0.275 0.5 0 K 0.48 w -603.66 850.21 1207.07 -858.42 re B* q 0.015 842.01 198.285 -842.01 re W n q 207.45 0 0 858.95 -9.15 -8.5 cm /Im2 Do Q Q 0.06 0.55 1 0 k 0.06 0.55 1 0 K 219.424 75.276 m 222.013 77.865 225.138 79.16 228.8 79.16 c 547.65 79.16 l 551.312 79.16 554.437 77.865 557.026 75.276 c 559.615 72.687 560.91 69.562 560.91 65.9 c 560.91 61.75 l 560.91 58.088 559.615 54.963 557.026 52.374 c 554.437 49.785 551.312 48.49 547.65 48.49 c 228.8 48.49 l 225.138 48.49 222.013 49.785 219.424 52.374 c 216.835 54.963 215.54 58.088 215.54 61.75 c 215.54 65.9 l 215.54 69.562 216.835 72.687 219.424 75.276 c b* BT /TT6 1 Tf 15 0 0 15 230.01 60.52 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0128 Tc 0.0402 Tw [(New Horizons sp)20.8(acecraf)28.8(t p)20.8(asses milestone)]TJ ET q 170.2 842.01 424.805 -425.51 re W n q 433.7 0 0 433.7 170.2 416.5 cm /Im3 Do Q Q /Cs8 CS 0 SCN 0.24 w 170.07 850.33 433.96 -433.96 re S BT /TT7 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 215.25 407.44 Tm 0.0099 Tc 0.0443 Tw (Artists concept of the New Horizons spacecraft as it approaches Pluto and its largest moon,)Tj 0 -1.472 TD 0.0102 Tc 0.0359 Tw (Charon. Zipping through the outer solar system at nearly 1.5 million km per day, it will arrive at the)Tj 0 -1.456 TD 0.01 Tc 0.0418 Tw (dwarf planet by July 2015. The spacecrafts most prominent feature is the 2.1 m dish antenna,)Tj 0 -1.472 TD 0.0408 Tw (pointed towards a distant Earth )Tj 14.5919 0 TD (at 7.5 billion )Tj 5.889 0 TD 0.0135 Tc 0 Tw [(km.)-16994.5(JHU-APL/SwRI)]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 215.25 269.92 Tm 0.0092 Tc 0.0312 Tw (Pluto was discovered by the American)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0094 Tc (astronomer Clyde Tombaugh \(1906-1997\) at)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0288 Tw (the Lowell observatory \(Flagstaff, Arizona\) in)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0212 Tw [(February 1930 after an extensive search)]TJ T* 0.0312 Tw (during which he compared photographic)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.0302 Tw (plates. Planets and asteroids appear in a)Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 0.04 Tw (different position against the background of)Tj T* 0.0086 Tc 0.0375 Tw (stars on two different photo plates taken)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0437 Tw (days apart.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0292 Tw (The name chosen for the ninth planet)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0081 Tc 0.0258 Tw (was that of the Roman god of the underworld)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0266 Tw (but it was also intended to evoke the initials)Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 0.0329 Tw (of astronomer Percival Lowell \(1855-1916\),)Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.0232 Tw (who predicted that a planet would be found)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.0218 Tw (beyond Neptune. Pluto has an orbital period)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.009 Tc 0.0289 Tw (of 248 years and its diameter of 2300 km)Tj 9 0 0 9 215.25 345.52 Tm 0.0077 Tc 0.0217 Tw (New Horizons, NASAs Pluto-bound spacecraft, was launched in January 2006 and)Tj 0 -1.3467 TD 0.017 Tw [(got a gravity boost from the planet Jupiter in February 2007 toward its ultimate)]TJ T* 0.018 Tw (destination. In terms of distance the spacecraft was half-way in February 2010 but in)Tj T* 0.0119 Tw (terms of travel time New Horizons was halfway on 17 October 2010. Another half a)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD 0.0199 Tw (decade wait before an exciting distant Pluto-Charon encounter in the Kuiper Belt by)Tj 0 -1.3467 TD 0.0083 Tc 0.0333 Tw (July 2015.)Tj 8 0 0 8 396.69 269.8 Tm 0.0093 Tc 0.0427 Tw (means it is smaller than Earths moon.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD -0.0107 Tc 0.0578 Tw [(In 1978, American astronomers James)]TJ -1.425 -1.515 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.025 Tw (Christy and Robert Harrington discovered that)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.011 Tc 0.0333 Tw (Pluto has a satellite, which they named)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0375 Tw (Charon. This moon, named after the ferryman)Tj T* 0.0258 Tw (of the underworld, is about half the size of)Tj T* -0.0105 Tc 0.0241 Tw (Pluto and orbits the planet every 6.4 days.)Tj T* -0.01 Tc 0.0285 Tw (Given the rough similarity of Plutos size to)Tj T* -0.0105 Tc 0.0387 Tw (Charon, planetary scientists referred to Pluto-)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0208 Tw (Charon as a double, or binary, planet.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.025 Tw (In the late 1980s, Pluto and Charon)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0334 Tw (underwent a set of mutual eclipses during)Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.0258 Tw (which each body passed in front of the other)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.0239 Tw (repeatedly for several years. Based on data)Tj T* 0.0089 Tc 0.0525 Tw (from these eclipses, computer models were)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0312 Tw (able to make crude maps of each body,)Tj /TT6 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 61.65 134.56 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn 0.0112 Tc 0.0266 Tw (Space artist Ron Millers concept of)Tj -0.88 -1.472 TD 0.0067 Tw (hypothetical geysers and sundogs on)Tj 3.12 -1.456 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0667 Tw (Pluto. Astronomers discovered)Tj 2.256 -1.472 TD 0.0112 Tc 0.0334 Tw (Plutos molecular nitrogen)Tj -5.312 -1.472 TD 0.01 Tc 0.0234 Tw (atmosphere by observing the gradual)Tj 2.832 -1.456 TD 0.0117 Tc 0.0311 Tw (dimming starlight during stellar)Tj -0.544 -1.472 TD 0.0121 Tc 0.01 Tw (occultations by the dwarf planet.)Tj 11.008 -1.472 TD 0.0124 Tc 0.0467 Tw (Ron Miller)Tj ET endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] /Font << /TT1 4 0 R /TT6 15 0 R /TT7 16 0 R >> /XObject << /Im2 17 0 R /Im3 18 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 8 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 9 0 R >> >> endobj 19 0 obj << /FunctionType 4 /Domain [0 1] /Range [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1] /Length 20 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream HN)-PZ. ( endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /Length 12358 >> stream 0.15 1 1 0 k 0.15 1 1 0 K 0 J 0 j 0.24 w 1000 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i -8.53 850.63 215.21 -42.56 re B* BT /TT1 1 Tf 16 0 0 16 33.91 816.4 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn -0.0087 Tc 0.0252 Tw [(Planet)21.3(ary exploration)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0.48 w 10 M 396.91 850.48 m 396.91 808 l S BT /TT3 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 399.55 809.08 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw (Spaceflight )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 458.35 809.08 Tm 0.0043 Tc -0.025 Tw (Vol 52 November 2010)Tj ET 0.15 1 1 0 k 0.15 1 1 0 K 0.24 w 1000 M 28.32 33.93 22.46 -42.26 re B* BT 8 0 0 8 33.91 23.2 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn 0.0133 Tc 0 Tw (422)Tj ET q 396.65 842.01 198.355 -277.16 re W n q 207.5 0 0 285.6 396.65 564.85 cm /Im4 Do Q Q BT 8 0 0 8 33.91 777.16 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0094 Tc 0.0241 Tw (which revealed that Pluto has polar caps and)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.009 Tc 0.0375 Tw (dark spots near its equator.)Tj 1.41 -1.5 TD 0.0386 Tw (The first images of Plutos surface were)Tj -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0097 Tc 0.0197 Tw (taken in July 1996 by the Hubble Space)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0291 Tw (Telescope \(HST\). In 2005, new HST images)Tj T* 0.024 Tw (lead to the discovery of two additional)Tj T* 0.01 Tc 0.0328 Tw (moons, provisionally designed S/2005 P1)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0321 Tw (and S/2005 P2. In June 2006, these moons)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0088 Tc 0.0297 Tw (were named by the International)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0097 Tc 0.03 Tw (Astronomical Union \(IAU\) as Nix \(Greek)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (Goddess of darkness\) and Hydra \(Nine-)Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 0.0225 Tw (headed serpent guarding the underworld\) so)Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.0241 Tw (their initials were these of the New Horizons)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0239 Tw (probe, which was launched in January 2006.)Tj 1.41 -1.5 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.0188 Tw (After a decade of lobbying by Dr Alan)Tj -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.0438 Tw (Stern of the Southwest Research Institue)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0229 Tw (\(SwRI\), NASA gave the go-ahead for the)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.025 Tw (New Horizons mission in November 2001.)Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 0.0219 Tw (The first decadal survey in the new)Tj T* 0.01 Tc 0.0287 Tw (millennium by the US National Research)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.0171 Tw (Council had also placed a high priority on a)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0344 Tw (mission to Pluto and beyond.)Tj 1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0187 Tw (The unmanned 478 kg New Horizons)Tj -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0425 Tw (spacecraft is a dual stabilisation mode)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0215 Tw (probe, so it can operate in three axis or)Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.0453 Tw (spin-stabilized attitude control mode, a)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0525 Tw (common feature for outer planet missions.)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0333 Tw (The triangular thermos bottle design of the)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0354 Tw (space bus allows it to maintain safe)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0406 Tw (operating temperatures in deep space.)Tj 1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.025 Tw (The spacecraft is powered by Radio-)Tj -1.41 -1.5 TD 0.0097 Tc 0.0521 Tw (isotope Thermoelectric Generators \(RTG\))Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0354 Tw (mounted on an extended boom to minimise)Tj T* 0.0396 Tw (effects on the science suite. The RTGs)Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.0302 Tw (convert heat from the radioactive decay of)Tj T* 0.0102 Tc 0.0344 Tw (Plutonium-238 into electricity providing a)Tj T* 0.009 Tc (power output of 200 Watts. RTGs provide)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0271 Tw (continuous power in regions of space where)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0286 Tw (the use of solar power is not feasible.)Tj 1.41 -1.515 TD -0.0105 Tc 0.0262 Tw (New Horizons carries backup devices for)Tj -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0646 Tw (major electronics, star-tracking navigation)Tj T* 0.0313 Tw (cameras and data recorders. The probe has)Tj T* -0.0102 Tc 0.04 Tw (seven science instruments; Ralph and Alice)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.0265 Tw [(are respectively visible/infrared and ultraviolet)]TJ 0 -1.515 TD -0.0105 Tc 0.0531 Tw (imaging spectrometers, a radio science)Tj T* -0.0108 Tc 0.0375 Tw (experiment \(REX\) for atmospheric)Tj T* 0.0425 Tw (measurements, a solar wind and plasma)Tj T* -0.0104 Tc 0.0672 Tw (spectrometer \(SWAP\), Pluto energetic particle)Tj T* 0.0453 Tw (spectrometer \(PEPPSI\), a long range)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0563 Tw (reconnaissance telescopic imager \(LORRI\))Tj 0 -1.515 TD -0.0107 Tc 0.033 Tw (and a student dust collector \(SDC\) to measure)Tj T* -0.0103 Tc 0.0337 Tw (dust particles during the complete voyage)Tj T* -0.0109 Tc 0.0563 Tw (across the solar system\()Tj /TT7 1 Tf 10.74 0 TD -0.0089 Tc 0 Tw (Spacefligh)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 4.575 0 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.0625 Tw (t, March)Tj -15.315 -1.515 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.0225 Tw (2006, p93 and June 2007, p222\).)Tj 1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0396 Tw (The total cost of the mission, including)Tj -1.41 -1.5 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.025 Tw (launch vehicle and a decade of science)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0334 Tw (operations through the Pluto-Charon)Tj T* 0.0099 Tc 0.0375 Tw (encounter is US$700 million.)Tj /TT5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 33.91 61 Tm 1 0.9 0.1 0 k -0.0006 Tc 0.0083 Tw (Status dispute)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 33.91 48.16 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.009 Tc 0.0321 Tw (During the first decade of the 21st century,)Tj /TT5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 396.67 496.6 Tm 1 0.9 0.1 0 k -0.0002 Tc 0.0083 Tw (First glimpse)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 396.67 483.76 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0092 Tc 0.0238 Tw (By September 2006, New Horizons LORRI)Tj T* 0.0385 Tw (camera spotted the very first glimpse of)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0312 Tw (Pluto during an optical navigation test,)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0479 Tw (demonstrating that it can find distant targets,)Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 0.0312 Tw (a critical capability the team will use to)Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.0229 Tw (navigate toward the dwarf planet and other)Tj T* 0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (KBOs.)Tj 1.425 -1.5 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0484 Tw (The spacecraft also performed flawlessly)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0085 Tc 0.0214 Tw (in February 2007, when it zoomed within 2.3)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0328 Tw (million km of the planet Jupiter to use the)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.0261 Tw (giant planets gravity to speed toward the)Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.0363 Tw (outer edge of the solar system.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0097 Tc 0.0453 Tw (Scientists noted a less turbulent)Tj -1.425 -1.5 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0281 Tw (equatorial region compared with older)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0292 Tw (photos of Jupiter taken during the six)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.0344 Tw [(previous encounters; Pioneer 10 \(December)]TJ T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0281 Tw (1973\), Pioneer 11 \(December 1974\),)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.016 Tw (Voyager 1 \(March 1979\), Voyager 2 \( July)Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.0249 Tw (1979\), Galileo \(December 1995\) and)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0102 Tc 0.0313 Tw (Cassini-Huygens \(November 2000\).)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0239 Tw (In June 2008, New Horizons passed the)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0386 Tw (orbit of Saturn and the spacecraft performed)Tj T* 0.05 Tw (a short but important course-correction)Tj T* 0.0258 Tw (manoeuvre in July 2010 to keep it on track.)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0303 Tw (The next milestones will be the crossing of)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0167 Tw (Uranus orbit on 18 March 2011 and)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.0303 Tw (Neptunes orbit on 24 August 2014. Closest)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0313 Tw (encounter operations with Pluto-Charon will)Tj T* 0.0099 Tc 0.0187 Tw (begin in April 2015.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0263 Tw (The New Horizons spacecraft has five)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0364 Tw (major science objectives \(1\) map the)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0354 Tw (surface composition of Pluto and Charon, \(2\))Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0531 Tw (map the temperatures, \(3\) characterise)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0225 Tw (geology and morphology of Pluto-Charon, \(4\))Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0333 Tw (study the atmosphere of Pluto, and \(5\))Tj T* 0.01 Tc 0.035 Tw (search for rings and additional satellites)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0437 Tw (around Pluto.)Tj -22.665 91.125 TD 0.0365 Tw (Plutos status as a planet came under)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0268 Tw (dispute as a wave of icy object discoveries)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.009 Tc 0.0304 Tw (in the Kuiper Belt was made thanks to)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.0453 Tw (systematic automated surveys by ground-)Tj T* 0.0625 Tw (based observatories.)Tj 1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0479 Tw (Caltech astronomers Michael Brown,)Tj -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0101 Tc 0.0087 Tw (David Rabinowitz and Chad Trujillo had)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0312 Tw (located several frozen Pluto-like worlds)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0218 Tw (beyond the orbit of Neptune; Quaoar \(2002)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0198 Tw (LM60\), Sedna \(2003 VB12\) and Eris \(2003)Tj T* 0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (UB313\).)Tj 1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0268 Tw (As the latter was even larger than Pluto,)Tj -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.025 Tw (the IAU adopted a new definition of planet)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.0268 Tw (and both Pluto and Eris became a dwarf)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0302 Tw (planet. A so-called dwarf planet is defined)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.023 Tw (as a celestial body that \(a\) is in orbit around)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.0398 Tw (the Sun, \(b\) has sufficient mass for its self-)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0268 Tw (gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that)Tj T* 0.0099 Tc 0.04 Tw (it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium \(nearly)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0271 Tw (round\) shape, \(c\) has not cleared the)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0232 Tw (neighbourhood around its orbit, and \(d\) is not)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0105 Tc 0.0625 Tw (a satellite.)Tj 1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0085 Tc 0.025 Tw (Since August 2006, the new view of the)Tj -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0428 Tw [(solar system is four terrestrial planets, the)]TJ T* 0.0312 Tw (asteroid belt, four gas giants and hundreds)Tj T* 0.0349 Tw (of Plutoids, the IAU name for dwarf planets)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.009 Tc 0.0427 Tw (in the outskirts of the solar system.)Tj /TT5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 215.35 436 Tm 1 0.9 0.1 0 k -0.0005 Tc 0.0167 Tw (Trans-Neptunian objects)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 215.35 423.28 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0087 Tc 0.0212 Tw (Between May and August 2006, New)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.03 Tw (Horizons passed the asteroid belt, a)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.0462 Tw (concentration of small rocky celestial bodies)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0089 Tc 0.0302 Tw (between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter,)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0396 Tw (extending from 2.1 to 3.3 Astronomical Units)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0305 Tw (\(AU\) from the Sun \(1 AU, the mean distance)Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.025 Tw (between the Earth and the Sun, is 150)Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.0875 Tw (million km\).)Tj 1.41 -1.5 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.04 Tw [(Since 1801, many thousands of asteroids)]TJ -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.009 Tc 0.025 Tw (have been catalogued, each with a name)Tj T* 0.0093 Tc (and number representing the order in which)Tj T* 0.035 Tw (they were discovered. Asteroids come in)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0277 Tw (many shapes and sizes but the sizes drop)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.0271 Tw (rapidly, with the largest asteroid 1 Ceres)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0303 Tw (\(975 km diameter\) being twice as large as)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0348 Tw (the next largest 4 Vesta \(575 km diameter\).)Tj 1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0274 Tw (Moreover, the largest asteroid Ceres is)Tj -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0084 Tc 0.027 Tw (now considered a dwarf planet and some)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0354 Tw (astronomers even suggested it might be an)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.025 Tw (interloper of the Kuiper Belt, a ring shaped)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.026 Tw (region extending from the orbit of Neptune)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.009 Tc 0.02 Tw (\(30 AU\) out to 50 AU.)Tj 1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.0781 Tw (Dutch-American planetary scientist)Tj -1.41 -1.515 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.025 Tw (Gerard Kuiper \(1905-1973\) predicted the)Tj T* 0.0266 Tw (existence of this region as the place of origin)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0425 Tw (for short period comets. The first)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.0288 Tw (observational evidence for this icy torus)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.009 Tc 0.0239 Tw (\(doughnut shape\) was the discovery of a)Tj T* 0.0093 Tc 0.03 Tw (faint object designated 1992 QB1 by)Tj T* 0.0281 Tw (astronomers David Jewitt and Jane Luu in)Tj T* 0.0323 Tw (August 1992. Since then, hundreds of Kuiper)Tj T* 0.0375 Tw (Belt Objects \(KBO\) have been detected.)Tj /TT7 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 396.67 556.12 Tm 0.0099 Tc 0.0411 Tw (Painting by Ed Hengeveld showing the New)Tj 0 -1.456 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0545 Tw (Horizons spacecraft during its July 2015 flyby)Tj 0 -1.472 TD 0.0101 Tc 0.04 Tw (of Pluto and its three moons. Radio signals will)Tj T* 0.0105 Tc (take 4.5 hours to reach Earth.)Tj 0 7.4999 -7.4999 0 409.6544 570.4844 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn 0.0091 Tc 0.09 Tw (Ed Hengeveld/Philip Corneille)Tj ET endstream endobj 22 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] /Font << /TT1 4 0 R /TT3 5 0 R /TT5 6 0 R /TT7 16 0 R >> /XObject << /Im4 23 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 8 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 9 0 R >> >> endobj 24 0 obj << /FunctionType 4 /Domain [0 1] /Range [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1] /Length 20 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream HN)-PZ. ( endstream endobj 26 0 obj << /Length 8314 >> stream 0.15 1 1 0 k 0.15 1 1 0 K 0 J 0 j 0.24 w 1000 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 388.32 850.33 215.41 -42.26 re B* BT /TT1 1 Tf 16 0 0 16 396.69 816.4 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn -0.0087 Tc 0.0252 Tw [(Planet)13.8(ary exploration)]TJ ET 0.15 1 1 0 k 544.22 33.98 22.46 -42.26 re B* BT 8 0 0 8 549.6901 23.2 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 scn 0.0133 Tc 0 Tw (423)Tj ET q 0.015 842.01 198.285 -277.16 re W n q 207.45 0 0 285.6 -9.15 564.85 cm /Im5 Do Q Q BT 8 0 0 8 45.21 549.64 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.009 Tc 0.05 Tw (Furthermore, the spacecraft is to conduct)Tj -1.425 -1.5 TD 0.01 Tc 0.0323 Tw (similar investigations of one or several KBOs)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0084 Tc 0.0237 Tw (as the power output of the RTG will keep it)Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.0241 Tw (working for about 10 years after the 2015)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.0437 Tw (Pluto flyby.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.03 Tw (The busiest part of the Pluto-Charon)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0235 Tw (encounter will last a full Earth day, on 14)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.0343 Tw (July 2015, from 12 hours before closest)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0297 Tw (approach to a half-day after.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0219 Tw (Inbound to the binary KBO, New Horizons)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.0463 Tw (will check ultraviolet emission from Plutos)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0375 Tw (atmosphere and make global maps of the)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.025 Tw (planet and its satellite in red, green, blue and)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0325 Tw (a special wavelength sensitive to methane)Tj T* 0.0087 Tc 0.0459 Tw (frost on the surface.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.009 Tc 0.0237 Tw (During the half-hour when the space)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0289 Tw (probe will be closest to Pluto, it will take)Tj T* 0.0099 Tc 0.025 Tw (close-up pictures in both visible and near-)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0375 Tw (infrared wavelengths. The best pictures)Tj 0 -1.515 TD (should depict surface features of 60 m)Tj T* 0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (across.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0475 Tw (When the spacecraft has passed Pluto-)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0236 Tw (Charon, it will look back to spot haze in the)Tj T* 0.0625 Tw (atmosphere, conduct radio occultation)Tj /TT7 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 33.81 251.56 Tm 0.01 Tc 0.0489 Tw (The 120 degrees tilt in Plutos rotational axis creates very large seasonal variations. As surface ices)Tj 0 -1.472 TD 0.0467 Tw (melt in the migrating sunlight, their gases are transported and redeposited in dark, cold surface)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (regions as frost.)Tj 41.472 0 TD 0.0088 Tc (Ron Miller)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 396.69 597.16 Tm 0.0092 Tc 0.025 Tw (the first observed body of the inner Oort)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0153 Tc 0 Tw (cloud.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0375 Tw (Dutch astronomer Jan Oort \(1900-1992\))Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0215 Tw (proposed that our Sun is surrounded by a)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.0344 Tw (distant swarm of deep frozen bodies, which)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0097 Tc 0.0214 Tw (could be the place of origin for long-period)Tj T* 0.0484 Tw (comets. Although theres no direct)Tj T* 0.0102 Tc 0.0328 Tw (observational evidence of this hypothetical)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.0359 Tw (spherical shell of dirty snowballs,)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0333 Tw (astronomers consider it as a third reservoir)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0348 Tw (of TNOs. The Oort cloud is estimated to)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0089 Tc 0.0239 Tw (occupy the space between 2000 and 50000)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0594 Tw (AU, although some astronomers estimate)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.0205 Tw (the outer edge to about one light year)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0138 Tw (\(63240 AU\) or beyond 100000 AU.)Tj /TT5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 396.69 399.76 Tm 1 0.9 0.1 0 k -0.001 Tc 0.0167 Tw (New dawn)Tj /TT1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 396.69 387.04 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0086 Tc 0.0302 Tw (Next year, NASAs Dawn mission, which was)Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.0297 Tw (launched in September 2007, will)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0343 Tw [(rendezvous with 4 Vesta, the brightest object)]TJ 0 -1.5 TD 0.009 Tc 0.0333 Tw (in the asteroid belt.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD -0.0118 Tc 0.0322 Tw [(After the encounter with Vesta, Dawn will)]TJ -1.425 -1.515 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.033 Tw [(continue toward 1 Ceres, the largest and most)]TJ T* -0.0105 Tc 0.0266 Tw (massive body in the asteroid belt. Due to the)Tj T* -0.011 Tc 0.0259 Tw (new IAU definition, Ceres is regarded as the)Tj T* 0.0226 Tw (only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt and the)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.0105 Tc 0.0384 Tw (smallest of the lot \(Eris, Pluto, Haumea and)Tj 0 -1.515 TD -0.0112 Tc 0.0328 Tw (MakeMake are KBO-dwarf planets \).)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD -0.0107 Tc 0.0161 Tw (Dawn is planned to arrive at Ceres in)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.0282 Tw (February 2015 to study this embryonic planet)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0271 Tw (with a rocky core and a mantle of water ice.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0084 Tc 0.0163 Tw [(Both Dawn and New Horizons, in)]TJ -1.425 -1.5 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0359 Tw (combination with ground-based surveys, will)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0438 Tw (help astronomers better understand the)Tj T* 0.0425 Tw (rocky planet formation process by accretion)Tj T* 0.0104 Tc 0.0344 Tw (\(collisional and gravitional accumulation\) and)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.0179 Tw (get a broader view in the universes planet-)Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0875 Tw (forming menagerie.)Tj 1.425 -1.5 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0227 Tw (By 2015, Pluto will be once more in the)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0348 Tw (spotlight as a harbinger of the mysteries that)Tj T* 0.0086 Tc 0.0305 Tw (await on the far edge of the solar system.)Tj T* 0.0082 Tc 0.0242 Tw (For now, Pluto is the only known KBO with)Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.042 Tw (multiple moons, but as history indicates, it is)Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0313 Tw (likely to be just our first glimpse of other)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.0363 Tw (incredible scientific finds on the planetary)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0131 Tc 0 Tw (frontier.)Tj -22.68 68.67 TD 0.0088 Tc 0.0288 Tw (experiments and look for rings. New)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0229 Tw (Horizons could then be retargeted for an)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.0343 Tw (encounter with yet another KBO.)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0625 Tw (Planetary scientists and astronomers)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0232 Tw (expect that the very first voyage to the)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0374 Tw [(farthest zone of the solar system could)]TJ T* 0.0328 Tw (confirm Pluto as a prototype for a class of)Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0532 Tw (Trans-Neptunian Objects \(TNO\).)Tj 1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0088 Tc 0.04 Tw (Almost 20 years after the first)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.01 Tc 0.0292 Tw (observational evidence of TNOs,)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.0337 Tw (astronomers have divided these objects in)Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.0312 Tw (two subpopulations; \(1\) KBO between 30-50)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0323 Tw (AU and \(2\) Scattered Disc Objects \(SDO\))Tj 0 -1.5 TD 0.0088 Tc 0.0188 Tw (between 50 and beyond 100 AU. The latter)Tj 0 -1.515 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0291 Tw (is a dynamic environment as SDOs are)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.0375 Tw (scattered into inclined orbits above/below)Tj T* 0.0098 Tc 0.0338 Tw (the ecliptic plane by gravitational interactions)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.0281 Tw (with Neptune and the other gas giants.)Tj 1.425 -1.5 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.024 Tw (The orbit of Eris \(2003 UB313\), the)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0085 Tc 0.0271 Tw (largest dwarf planet known in the solar)Tj T* 0.0266 Tw (system, lays between 37 to 97 AU with an)Tj T* 0.0094 Tc 0.027 Tw (inclination of 44 degrees to the solar)Tj T* 0.0459 Tw (systems main plane. Eris was classified as)Tj T* 0.0091 Tc 0.0203 Tw (an SDO with an orbital period of 557 years.)Tj 1.425 -1.5 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.0365 Tw (The most distant object known in the)Tj -1.425 -1.515 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0375 Tw (solar system, Sedna \(2003 VB12\), orbits the)Tj T* 0.0086 Tc 0.018 Tw (Sun between 76 and 960 AU with an orbital)Tj T* 0.0089 Tc 0.0241 Tw (period of 12,000 years and was described as)Tj ET q 169.95 785.25 391.2 -136.3 re W n q 391.2 0 0 136.3 169.95 648.95 cm /Im6 Do Q Q /Cs8 CS 0 SCN 169.82 785.38 391.46 -136.56 re S BT /TT7 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 215.25 640.24 Tm 0.0097 Tc 0.0431 Tw (Artists impression of New Horizons flyby of Pluto. The craft will characterise the global geology and)Tj 0 -1.472 TD 0.0606 Tw (geomorphology of the Pluto-Charon system, map surface compositions and temperatures, and)Tj 0 -1.456 TD 0.0091 Tc 0.0633 Tw (examine Plutos atmosphere )Tj 13.3304 0 TD (in detail.)Tj 25.7896 0 TD 0.0143 Tc (JHU-APL/SwRI)Tj ET q 33.85 226.25 345.85 -226.25 re W n q 345.85 0 0 234.7 33.85 -8.45 cm /Im7 Do Q Q endstream endobj 27 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] /Font << /TT1 4 0 R /TT5 6 0 R /TT7 16 0 R >> /XObject << /Im5 28 0 R /Im6 29 0 R /Im7 30 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 8 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 9 0 R >> >> endobj 31 0 obj << /FunctionType 4 /Domain [0 1] /Range [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1] /Length 20 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream HN)-PZ. 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